Using circuit magic to calculate circuit resistances

Circuit simplifications using star-to-
delta, parallel and series
transformations, seems pretty
powerful. It allows one to obtain
resistances a circuit that has a planar,
mesh structure (the "window pane"
structure). The term planar is used to
describe circuits that can be drawn in
a plane without the need for wires to
cross one another. Circuit Magic can
help you to obtain both planar and
non-planar circuits resistances.
Sample circuit. Resistors resistances
are different values (not simple, Try to
simplify it using star-to-delta, parallel
and series transformationsü).


Step 2. Solve circuit using Node
Voltage method
Step 2. Calculate circuit resistance
using Ohms Law

Kennelly's Star-Delta Transformation

Kennelly's Star-Delta
Transformation


Kennelly's Delta - Star
Transformation

Using Circuit Magic to calculate Norton Thévenin's & Norton's equivalents

Sample circuit shown below

Step 1 Remove branch connecting
node 1 and node 2.

Step 2: Solve circuit using Node
Voltage method.
Result shown below.
V₁=-10
V₂=0
V₃=-5
V₄=-5
V₅=0

Step 3.: Resistance calculation. Remove
All DC Voltage sources and branches
with current sources. And connect
node 1 and node 2 using the branch
with current source (current =1 A). (as
shown below)

Step 4: Solve circuit using node voltage
method.
V₁=-7,2727
V₂=4,5455
V₃=-3,6364
V₄=-0,90909
V₅=0

Step 5. Calculate resistance using
Ohms law.

ohms

Thévenin's equivalent

Ohm’s law

Ohm's law is the main basic electrical
law and defines the resistance of a
device to the flow of electrons.

There are three different notations of
Ohm’s law

Unknown Current

Unknown Voltage

Unknown Resistance

(Most people can remember a picture
easier than a mathematical formula.
By knowing any two values you can
figure out the third. Simply put your
finger over the portion of the symbol
you are trying to figure out and you
have your formula).

Resistors in Series & Resistors in Parallel

Series Connection
A series circuit is one with all the loads
in a row. Like links in a chain. There is
only one path for the electricity to
flow.


Parallel Connection
A parallel circuit is one that has two or
more paths for the electricity to flow.
In other words, the loads are parallel
to each other.

Compilers vs Interpreters – Anoverview of the differences

It is a general notion that people try to
classify programming languages as
either “compiled” language or
“interpreted” language. Even
experienced programmers tend to get
confused here! But the fact is,
programming languages are
neither “compiled” nor
“interpreted” types. They can be
both at the same time. Compiling or
interpreting -both are 2 different ways
of implementing the same program
written using a programming
language. A program written in C
language can either be compiled or
can be interpreted. Same is the case
with Java or any other programming
languages. The only requirement is,
we need a C or Java compiler to
compile a C/Java program and
similarly we need an C/Java
Interpreter to interpret a program
written in C/Java. So the difference is
not with programming languages, it is
with the way programs written in
different languages are implemented.

Any one serious about programming
should understand the working of
compilers,interpreters and the
differences between them.So here I
am trying to outline generic
differences between compiling and
interpreting (compilers vs interpreters).

Though I said programs written in any
programming language can be either
compiled or interpreted, it is not the
case always. Theoretically what I wrote
above is right – any program can be
compiled/interpreted. But a
programming language is usually
developed with an orientation to one
particular form of execution – for
example- C language was designed to
be compiled where as Java was
designed to be interpreted. But there
are interpreters available for C
programs too which will be helpful as
debugging aids. But in most cases a C
program is compiled for execution
and not interpreted. Before going
through differences, keep in mind the
following technical terms.

Compile time– The time taken to
compile a program.

Run time– The time taken for
executing a program.

Source code- The program in its user
written form of the language. Source
code is given as input to the compiler.

Object code- is actually the machine
code which is obtained by converting
source code. The computer can read
and execute machine code directly.
An object code is also known as
binary code/machine code.

So the primary difference between a
compiler and interpreter is in the way
a program is executed. A compiler
reduces the source code to machine
code and then save it as an object
code before creating an executable
file for the same. When executed, the
compiled program is executed directly
using the machine code (object code).
Where as an interpreter does not
convert the source code to an object
code before execution. An interpreter
executes the source code line by line
and conversion to native code is
performed line by line while
execution is going on (at runtime). In
such a scenario, the run time
required for an interpreted program
will be high compared to a compiled
program. Even though the run time
required for interpreted program are
high, the execution using an
interpreter has its own advantages.
For example -interpreted programs
can modify themselves at runtime by
adding/changing functions. A
compiled program has to be
recompiled fully even for the small
modifications we make to a small
section of the program; where as an
in the case of an interpreter there is
no such problem (only the modified
section needs to be recompiled)

Let us summarize the advantages of
both implementation methods–
compiling and interpreting

Advantages of using compiler:-

• Since compiler converts the
  program to native code of the
  target machine (object code), faster
  performance can be expected.


• There is a scope for code
  optimisation.

Advantages of using interpreter:-

• Process of execution can be done
  in a single stage. There is no need
  of a compilation stage.


• Alteration of codes possible during
  runtime.


• Really useful for debugging the
  codes (because source code
  execution can be analyzed in an
  IDE).


• Facilitates interactive code
  development.

Norton & Thevenin theorem

Thé venin's Theorem

Any voltage network which may be
viewed from two terminals can be
replaced by a voltage-source
equivalent circuit comprising a single
voltage source E and a single series
resistance R.. The voltage V is the
open-circuit voltage between the two
terminals and the resistance Z is the
resistance of the network viewed from
the terminals with all voltage sources
removed from circuit.

Sample

All circuits are equivalent. Resistors
R₁,R₂, R₃ and voltage source are
transformed into Required Eq,

see parallel,
series simplifications.

To determine Eequ we shall break off
branch connecting node 1 and node
2

Norton's Theorem

Any current network which may be
viewed from two terminals can be
replaced by a current-source
equivalent circuit comprising a single
current source I and a single shunt
conductance G. The current I is the
short-circuit current between the two
terminals and the conductance G is
the conductance of the network
viewed from the terminals with all
branches containing current sources
are broken off.